Use and User Perception of Electronic Resources free essay sample

This has been underscored by the phenomenon of knowledge or information common in academic libraries, which refers to a specific environment in the library where a designated number of PC workstations are networked to databases and other e- resources are made available to students. Library users are no longer obliged to visit the library to meet all their information needs.They may search the librarys online catalogue; use a subject guide or database to access a citation from the internet or access a full text article from web-based journals; they may browse an electronic journal; fill out an interlibrary lending form; e-mail reference question via the ask-a-librarian service or borrow an e-book -? all by remote access. 11TH is the energetic name for several Institutes of Information Technology in India, each a mini university in itself. Many of these institutions have been subsequently renamed to identify their affiliations and goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Use and User Perception of Electronic Resources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests were conceived to be forerunners in the information technology education sector, at a time when India was going through a phase of unprecedented boom in the software industry (Years 1 998 2000). The course curriculum at these institutes is at par with similar offerings at the Computer Science departments of Indian Institutes of Technology. As per the 11 the five year plan in the Budget 201 1, Twenty Three (23) more Ill Its under the Public-Private Model, are to be launched soon for every major state of India.Mascot recently submitted a detailed project report to the Gobo. Of India on the establishment of new Lilts. If these are accepted, it could be quite a contrast to the functioning of existing higher learning institutes. The Mascot report has identified a major role for private organizations in terms of finance, faculty and resources. Pat players may play key roles in new institutes Each of the Ill TTS has been proposed to be set up as a fully autonomous institution, through the APP model. The partners setting up Ill TTS will be the Ministry Of Human Resource Development, the governments of respective states where each 11TH will be established and industry members. The report is learnt to have suggested that private organizations should play an equal or slightly greater role in bringing investment for the new Lilts. The locations of Lilts have been arrived at on the basis of how well connected they are in terms of transport and facilities and their prominence to industrial hubs.Considering the dire faculty crunch in the country, Mascot has made it clear that faculty members must be given alerts prevalent in the market. It has been suggested that each Ill T must have the autonomy to decide its own salary structure to compete with private educational institutes. Collaborating private organizations would be requested to send their experienced employees as visiting faculty members. A higher number of visiting faculty and faculty-exchange programmed with universities in Ind ia and abroad have been suggested. Private organizations are expected to collaborate with the Lilts for knowledge manpower, giving projects to students and for curriculum guidance. The associated company loud look into the role of private organizations and enabling optimum rate of returns for them. The development of the PhD programmer, according to one of the suggestions, is vital to the growth of Ill TTS as these doctoral students could be groomed for teaching positions in Ill TTS, creating a strong pool of candidates for top academic positions.It has been recommended that the undergraduate programmer of Lilts could be scaled up to 600 students, the post-graduate programmer could take about 400 students and the PhD programmer could have an intake of 1 00 students. A faculty-student ratio of has been suggested. The report has suggested an integrated campus model and a hub-and-spoke campus model, depending on the TIT. Normally these institute offers degrees, at GIG, PEG and Doctoral levels, in following degrees offere d in Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering etc. .All the Tits have a well-equipped library with a variety of collections including e-resources like online databases, e- journals, e-books, full text articles, and websites, etc through LOGIC-Leone e- journals consortium, INDENT Consortium and N-LIST Consortium or any other insertions. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The faculties, research scholars and students of 11TH are mostly belonging to the subjects, Computer science, IT, Electronics and telecommunication; Electrical etc. Technological disciplines are professional subjects that require regular and constant study by teachers, students and researchers.Teachers usually depend upon the libraries to prepare themselves for taking classes and guide scholars. They are required to go through not only print resources but also electronic resources. The 11TH libraries are well equipped and member Of various consortium. They provide various e-resources such as online journals, e books, online databases, CD ROOM databases and facilities of OPAC and Web OPAC. Usually the users of these libraries are computer savvy and acquaint with various e-resources.The present study will confine with this hypothesis and to study how far these libraries provide various e-resources and services to avis users. Finally the users may not be acquainted with the procedures to locate and retrieve the right and accurate information in less time from the various e-resources. Hence they require some sort of training such as information literacy programmer) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was to be undertaken to analyses the effectiveness of e-resources provided by Ill T libraries in India for its faculty members and research scholars in different faculties.Specific objectives of the study are: 1 . To know the awareness of e-resources among the users of Ill T Library; 2. To study the degree of utilization of e-journals by the users of 11TH Library 3. To determine the level of satisfaction of the users on e-resources; and to examine the effectiveness of e-resources in upgrading the faculty members ND research scholars in their profession. 4. To study the availability of CIT infrastructures in these libraries. 5.To find out the different search strategies of the target audience for obtaining relevant information find out the existing e-resources facilities in these libraries and to study how far these resources are useful and effective for its users. 7. To access and find out how far the users area competent to locate and use e-resources. 8. To study the factors encouraging the e-resources particularly to find out whether the information literacy programmer are being provided by these libraries.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The present research study is proposed to bring within its confines the faculties and research scholars of all the 17 Lilts located at different places across India. SIZE OF THE SAMPLE For the purpose of present investigation, it has bee proposed to include all the 17 Its existing in India and the faculties and research scholars working there in. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Harridans and Shanghaied on a survey conducted at National Social Science Documentation Centre (NANOSECOND) reveal that majority of the users which include research scholars and scientists were aware of most of the electronic resources.Sexagenarians, Bulgarians, and Subordination that among nine departments in Binary Amman Institute of Technology (BAIT), co mputer science and engineering users use the electronic journals highest (17%) followed by information technology (1 6%), computer applications (1 5%), electrical and electronics engineering (12%), electronics and communication engineering (1 0%), mechanical engineering (9%), biotechnology (8%), Civil engineering (7%) and textile technology (6%). Several and Supernaturalism that with regard to the satisfaction of users on the adequacy of e-resources provided by Benedictory University Library, 70. 59 % of users were satisfied while 29. 41% ware not. Razz and Payday found that that all the researchers were aware of e-journals in Aligarhs Muslim University. Many research scholars were consulting e-journals from their departmental labs and computer centers, not only for research purposes but also to update their own knowledge and skills.However, the study also revealed several problems, including lack obtaining and slow downloading. Mohamed and Shareholding that most (93. 40 per cent) of the doctoral dents had access to e-journals and a sizeable number (48. 83 per cent) of the male doctoral students used e-journals everyday. Most (73. 63 per cent) of doctoral students indicated that accessing full-text of articles was the major problem faced browsing e-journals. Surveillance that majority of respondents (3750%) made use of E-resources 2-3 times a week whereas only 40. 3% respondents made use of online databases. Paraphrases and Cumberland O observed that most of the research scholars searched printed journals and electronic journals. GIGS-Leone consortium was most lawful in fulfilling their Information needs. Hypo T H For the purpose of present study, the following hypotheses have been formulated to put the investigation in right track and the progress of investigation more scientific. 1. Faculty and research scholars who have more computer experience will be more likely to use the librarys electronic resources. 2.Users who visit the library more often are likely to use the librarys electronic resources. 3. Mostly the users devote time in surfing internet. 4. Faculties prefer e-resources in comparison to conventional resources in print form. METHODOLOGY To collect data, a questionnaire will be designed with questions like demographic characteristics, computer skills, frequency of use, satisfaction with e-resources, performance of the library in satisfying the needs of the faculty members and research scholars. Besides questionnaire method, observation and interview methods will also be adopted.The target population of this study was faculty members and research scholars from different faculties. The total population of faculty members and research scholars was 800 and 250 respectively. Proportionate stratified random impaling technique will be adopted for deriving sample population which constitutes 30 percent of total population from each category. Thus, a total of 31 5 questionnaires 240 for faculty members; and 75 for research scholars will be distributed. The questionnaire will be self-administered.SCHEME OF THE WORK It is proposed to organize the whole work in different chapters, inter alias, includes purpose, scope, methodology, origin and development, the conceptual frame work, information needs and seeking behaviors and use of electronic resources: There will be a review of literature which will determine OTOH quantity and quality of work done in the area. Since the study is primarily a user study, it will shed some light on user studies carried out at different levels in India and abroad. Besides it is essential to use tabulation, analysis and interpretation of relevant data along with the useful findings and suggestion.The present study will provide a b reak though to technological information environment. Thus, for the sake of convenience, the entire study would be dealt with in six broad chapters as follows: Chapter 1 : Introduction Chapter 2: Review of literature Chapter 3 : Research design Chapter 4: Usage of e-resources Chapter 5 : Users perceptions and expectations. From libraries Chapter 6: Analysis and interpretation of data Chapter 7 : Summary , suggestions and conclusion However, the aforesaid chapters are tentative and may be changed according to the requirement and progress of the investigation.STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES: The study has proposed to utilize and appropriate statistical technique so as to make the work statistically significant. After collection Of data and their necessary recording and tabulation, an appropriate statistical technique suitable to the needs of data collected will be selected and utilized at the take of analysis and interpretation. IMPLICATION OF RESEARCH The proposed research will act as a fact finding study to find out the existing CIT infrastruct ural facilities and services relating to e-resources provided to TIT users and whether these are as per the expectations and perceptions of these users.Further, this research will implicate, whether the library staff are competent enough to handle the CIT infrastructures and meet the users perceptions and expectations. This will also implicate how far the 11TH library users are using the e-resources provided to them and the constraints if any of TTS convenient use and the training if any provided to them by these libraries which will enhance their usage capability. F-anally the present study will boost the future researchers by providing the area which was not covered by this study for further research.CONCLUSION The development and delivery Of high-quality users service is an important goal for any libraries in higher education. The libraries are changing from storehouse of books to dynamic service center. In an academic library (engineering science and technology), the user needs the library services on a wide range of areas and anytime. The delay in giving the right information in right time may lead to delay in their research activity. Hence the professional librarians should always be a step ahead of their users.As a result, the professional librarian can identify the right documents to be procured, appropriate organization of documents to be undertaken and right information services to be developed . Alt can be concluded that the 11TH libraries need to provide web-based library and information services to the users under intranet and Internet environment. It is also noted that there is great desire among the users to implement the library and information revise through Institute website. There is also a need to plan an integrated training programmer for the users as well as the library staff for an effective utilization of services.A regular feedback from the faculty and students will also go a long way in improving the library services and their changing expectations can be met effectively. Finally It is imminent at this time to make such a study so as to identify the usage nature and characteristics and behavioral approaches of the users (faculty and research scholars), so that the real building of libraries attached to these institutions can be made by ending effective services in providing e-resources accessing and maximum usage as a result of proper utilization of Institute s funds and expenses meant for library purpose.

Free Essays on Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is a commonly used word in circles where ethnicity, inter-ethnic relations, and similar social issues are of concern. The usual definition of the term is â€Å"thinking one’s own group’s ways are superior to others† or â€Å"judging other groups as inferior to one’s own.† Ethnocentrism can be more specifically defined as, â€Å"making false assumptions about others’ ways based on our own limited experiences.† The key word is assumptions; because we are not even aware that we are being ethnocentric, we don’t understand that we don’t understand. The definition given above emphasizes that we make false assumptions based on our own limited experience. If our own experience is the only â€Å"reality† we have, then it is normal to assume it is the â€Å"natural† basis of reality. And our own ways work for us. Our perceptions of colors, values, our social roles, our beliefs about life and the universe, and all our other ways help us organize life experience and provide important meanings and functions as we move through daily and life span activities. It is normal to assume these provide a meaningful and functional basis for life in general. One example of ethnocentrism that I experienced during the week was the other day I pulled my car up to my apartment to drop off some groceries. As I was unloading the car the resident advisor had opened his door to see if his Chinese food had arrived. Usually food delivery people pull right up to your door. The R.A. told me he thought I was the person delivering his food because he heard the car and thought his food had arrived. As I was driving away someone pulled up to the door, at that moment my roommate said, â€Å"that must be his Chinese food,† he said this, and I though it to myself because the driver was Chinese. It turned out that it was the Chinese delivery person. This type of remark would be considered ethnocentric because it assumes that because, in this... Free Essays on Ethnocentrism Free Essays on Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism and values are like the spine of cultures. It separates culture from culture and how we look at each other. Ethnocentrism and values can bring good and bad, it may manifest itself in attitudes of superiority or hostility toward members of other groups and is sometimes expressed in discrimination or violence. Values are those ideas and things considered important by a given group of people, values are no written laws, it’s what we as a culture find important. For example in the U.S it’s an important value to give or help the poor. This values change from culture to culture; other American values are personal achievement and success, hard work, faith in progress, efficiency, and practically since Americans comes from so many different cultural backgrounds, many people have values that are different from those of the majority. Ethnocentrism is the attitude and/or ideology concerning the relationship between an individual’s own group and other groups. E thnocentrism occurs when negative value judgments are made about others based on the differences between one’s own culture and a foreign culture. Ethnocentrism occurs when an individual considers his culture/nation to be absolutely superior to other nations or cultures. An AFS book that all AFS students get before they arrive to a their host country explains values and ethnocentrism with an interesting twist. They have a picture of an iceberg where 10% is over the water and 90% that you cant see is under the water. This illustrates the â€Å"hidden laws† or values of a culture. Since 90% of the â€Å"laws† are under the water it’s basically impossible to learn everything on a year, but it helps a great deal. There are thousands and thousands of unwritten laws, and they change from culture to culture. For example in Norway there is an unwritten law that says you should come home and eat dinner with your family, or as we saw in a movie clip about Saudi Arabia wher... Free Essays on Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the feeling that one’s group has a mode of living, values and patterns of adaptation that are superior to those of other groups. It is coupled with a generalized contempt for members of other groups. Ethnocentrism may manifest itself in attitudes of superiority or hostility. Violence, discrimination, proselytizing, and a verbal aggressiveness are other means whereby ethnocentrism may be expressed. Ethnocentrism can also be explained, as an attitude that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to all others. Judging other cultures by your own cultural standards, and since of course other cultures are different, they are therefore inferior. Ethnocentrism means an inability to appreciate others whose culture may include a different racial group, ethnic group, religion, morality, language, political system, economic system, etc. It also means an inability to see a common humanity and human condition facing all women and men in all cultures and societies beneath the surface variations in social and cultural traditions.... Free Essays on Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a commonly used word in circles where ethnicity, inter-ethnic relations, and similar social issues are of concern. The usual definition of the term is â€Å"thinking one’s own group’s ways are superior to others† or â€Å"judging other groups as inferior to one’s own.† Ethnocentrism can be more specifically defined as, â€Å"making false assumptions about others’ ways based on our own limited experiences.† The key word is assumptions; because we are not even aware that we are being ethnocentric, we don’t understand that we don’t understand. The definition given above emphasizes that we make false assumptions based on our own limited experience. If our own experience is the only â€Å"reality† we have, then it is normal to assume it is the â€Å"natural† basis of reality. And our own ways work for us. Our perceptions of colors, values, our social roles, our beliefs about life and the universe, and all our other ways help us organize life experience and provide important meanings and functions as we move through daily and life span activities. It is normal to assume these provide a meaningful and functional basis for life in general. One example of ethnocentrism that I experienced during the week was the other day I pulled my car up to my apartment to drop off some groceries. As I was unloading the car the resident advisor had opened his door to see if his Chinese food had arrived. Usually food delivery people pull right up to your door. The R.A. told me he thought I was the person delivering his food because he heard the car and thought his food had arrived. As I was driving away someone pulled up to the door, at that moment my roommate said, â€Å"that must be his Chinese food,† he said this, and I though it to myself because the driver was Chinese. It turned out that it was the Chinese delivery person. This type of remark would be considered ethnocentric because it assumes that because, in this... Free Essays on Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism â€Å"How can they eat rats? Those people are crazy!† Ethnocentrism is the belief that one race, religion, or belief system is better than another is. It can also be defined as judging another culture by our own standard instead of forming new standards. Though we are beginning to understand more and more cultures: we are judging these cultures by the standard we live by. Ethnocentrism keeps us from learning more about other cultures as well as learning more about ourselves. We as humans are ethnocentric. We make false assumptions based on our limited experience. If our own experience is the only â€Å"reality† we have, then it is normal to assume it is the â€Å"natural† basis or reality as we believe our own ways work for us. Our perceptions of colors, our time frames, our social roles, our beliefs about life and the Universe all help us to organize life experience and provide important meanings and functions as we move through daily activities. It is normal to assume that these provide a meaningful and functional basis for life in general. It is impossible to rid ourselves entirely of our values that make us ethnocentric. We use our own culture as the basis for the comparison to compare other cultures’ customs and behaviors based on our own. For example, while traveling in a foreign country, one might look at customary traditions as â€Å"wrong† or â€Å"unethical†. This is only because we look at this custom as different from what we are used to. Being ethnocentric in a foreign setting leads you to make false assumptions about the other people. Ethnocentrism leads us to misunderstand others. We distort what is meaningful and functional to other peoples through our own tinted glasses. We see their ways in terms of our life experience, not theirs. We do not understand that their ways have their own meanings and functions in life, just as our ways have for us. At the best, we can continue in our unawareness. Yet...

European Tourism effects on the Environment Essay

European Tourism effects on the Environment - Essay Example The UK for example has been a leading tourist destination for the past years and this trend never seems to wane. Although much of its natural, cultural sites suffered at first the UK has started various policies regarding the preservation of nature and in doing so, tourists help maintain their tourist spots indirectly. Other EU member country worth noting in terms of tourism is Italy and France which are located conveniently along the coasts of the Mediterranean. These two countries and others have accommodated millions of tourists annually, and some of the repercussions of these enterprises are evident right now. These areas are currently experiencing the drawbacks of past tourism ventures and are now seeking to rehabilitate their tourist spots which are situated near the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean itself is a prime tourist destination, but due to its peculiar characteristics, it been a victim of reckless, abusive tourism. Much of its marine life is suffering the effects of eu thropication and unmanaged solid and liquid wastes being dumped to it. When this carelessness continues, the Mediterranean will cease to be and there is a possibility that this unfortunate situation will also occur to other tourist spots. Tourism has not only made it big in Europe but also the rest of the world. ... In today's modern lifestyle, a vacation is viewed as a necessity rather than a luxury, as many international companies offer tourism packages to their employees as part of their wok benefits. Also, tourism has been more accessible today to the lower economic classes more than ever (Council of Europe, 2004). Tourism and the state of a nation's environment have a delicate relationship with each other. Sure tourism brings in a lot of revenues from tourists, but without an efficient means of environmental preservation the country's ecology and natural resources will suffer. The issue as to whether tourism affects the environment positively or negatively is put to debate recently (Kozyr, 2000). An excellent tourism program depends mainly on the soundness of a country's environment. There are guidelines set upon by the Fifth Programme as to what transport means, water supply, waste management practices etc. are to be taken up to by a tourism delegated area so that damage to the environment would be decreased (European Commission, 2005). Tourism is given special attention by the European Union for its future expansion and worker status. The E.U. has about 8 million people working on various sectors of tourism, a decent 5% of the whole workforce and GDP and an estimated 30% outside service trade. Cumulatively, if the transport and trade sectors are taken in consideration, tourism accounts for about 12% of GDP. The Tourism Unit of Directorate General Enterprise stresses the significance of tourism in Europe's economic success and it aims at tourist satisfaction, employee status, care for the environment and many more. The unit works closely with an Advisory Committee made up o f representatives from the various Member States and other associations such as

Descartes Discourse on the Thinking and Existence Essay

Descartes Discourse on the Thinking and Existence - Essay Example Descartes goes ahead to explore the origin of the human thinking ability in order to justify the perfection of knowing than doubting. He explains that by doubting we get to come up with explanations that lead to knowing. This leads him to the conclusion that the ideas of the imaginable things exist within him, but they do not originate from him, rather they are imposed on him by a more perfect being than him (God). The incorporation of Descartes existence with God is quite convincing. He argues that since he knew more than what actually existed in his conscience, then it meant the extra knowledge was derived from an external source. If the external source did not exist, it should mean that he could not have been the way he was; mortal, changing, finite and impotent. God according to him added unto him the perfection that he needed to erase doubt from his mind. So one’s nature will allow him/her to know as much of God’s nature as he/she could. Descartes in his quest to discover more about himself ends up proving that God exists. I agree with him because he clearly outlines man’s imperfections, thus looks up to God for guidance in almost everything. However, a person’s thinking limits them within a very short scope of imagination that they end up not questioning what they think is true. We are so much rooted in our cultures and superstitions until we are rendered intellectually impaired.  

Academic Integrity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic Integrity - Assignment Example The present research has identified that a leader who has integrity also has the courage to differentiate right from wrong and to act on what he believes and stands for it. The signs of the leader having integrity are that he is honest not only to himself but also to the world, he learns from his mistakes and is also not afraid to accept his mistakes and speaking up when something wrong or out of the ordinary is observed. A Leader who has integrity engraved within him also becomes a role model for others and has the potential of affecting the world on a large scale. Hence, a person who demonstrates exquisite leadership skills with an added asset of integrity is bound to the road to success. Academic integrity is taught in many academic institutions in the form of moral conducts, it is mentioned in the universities websites. Moreover, students are given classes on how to practice it to the fullest. According to MSU, academic integrity means to submit authentic and genuine work and to praise people work by acknowledging them. The failure to comply with academic integrity leads to the failure of student and even dismissal of a student from the university. MSU has strict policies against academic dishonesty. It states various rules and regulation regarding academic dishonesty in research, the duties of a student regarding academic integrity etc. If a student is accused of conducting academic dishonesty, he is evaluated by his supervising teacher and is then given the penalty on the basis of his degree of dishonesty. The student may then appeal for a hearing. It is also the responsibility of the students to practice integrity in scholarships, grades, and standards of the professions.

Innovation And Open Innovation Concept Management Essay

Innovation And Open Innovation Concept Management Essay The concept of innovation is now widely used by the firms from many industries. Open Innovation is the approach where the firms use external ideas of innovation from the community and society as well as internal innovation. This approach can be achieved by the integration with customers, suppliers and also University-Industry collaboration. In Malaysia, open innovation paradigm is relatively new in adaptation event in manufacturing industry. The purpose of this research is to identify the implementation of open innovation on this research study is ICT, Automotive and Electronics sectors. The innovation process is the effective way of improving the company performances and at the same time increase the economic growth of the overall industries. The research method use is based on quantitative method research approach in term to identify types and methods used on implementing the open innovation in the manufacturing industries and also the impact of the implementation to the industries . Keyword: Open Innovation, Malaysia, Manufacturing, Industries. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of study Today, Open innovation are widely used and becoming the vital sources of progress in term of improving the industry performance especially by using the external sources of creativity and innovation. But In Malaysia, this paradigm is relatively new and the approach of Open Innovation is still difficult to accept. Innovation is one of the important mechanisms to the organizations in term to improve economic growth of the organization and increase the competitive advantages. Open Innovation is the paradigm that firstly described by Henry Chesbrough in his former book named as Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, published in 2003. In the simply words, open innovation explained as a process where the firms use external ideas of innovation from the community and society as well as internal innovation. By the approach of Open Innovation in manufacturing industry, the process of innovation is become wider than using closed model of innovation where the organization only focus on the internal innovation and R D rather than external sources. From this paradigm, the travels of knowledge from the society and community as an external source to industry will bring the formation of openness of giving ideas and innovation. This research study is focus on the implementation of open innovation in Malaysian manufacturing industry. This study is center on the degree of Open Innovation in manufacturing industries that only involve sectors of ICT, Automotive and Electronics. Based on the open innovation paradigm, the research question is concentrated to what types and methods of open innovation that implemented in manufacturing industry? This research question is answered based on the Malaysian Manufacturing Companies perspective. Research question These are the research question that qualified for this research study: What is the type of Open Innovation implemented in these firms? What is the method of open innovation implemented in these firms? To what extent is Open Innovation implemented in these firms? Does the Open Innovation implementation differ for each cluster of manufacturing companies? Objectives Innovation is a significant method of improving and increase the performance and competitive advantages of the company and opening a change for the community and society to get involved in the innovation process. The objectives of this research study are stated as: To determine the type of Open Innovation adopted by Manufacturing Industry. To investigate the methods for open innovation adopted by these firms. To determine the extent of Open Innovation implementation in these manufacturing firms. To investigate whether the implementation of Open Innovation differ for each clusters on manufacturing firm. Scope of study This study is limited to only Malaysian Manufacturing Industries from Automotive, electronics and ICT. The scope of topic discusses on this study is about the extent of open innovation implementation on the Malaysian manufacturing industry. Limitation of study Although this research study has reached the aims, there were unavoidable limitations. First limitation of the study on this topic is the open innovation approach itself. As know that open innovation paradigm is relatively new approach on the Malaysia industry but there are still companies already applied the open innovation paradigm. Second, the limitation considered is because of the time limit, this research was conducted in short period of times to complete all the primary and secondary data. The last one is the lack of cooperation from the respondent. The method used on this research study is via survey that distribute to the random respondent from the identified focus group. Importance of study Manufacturing industry is the major entity of the economic growth rather than other sectors. It is important to improve the capabilities of manufacturing industry by innovation. Open Innovation mechanism is the best way to help manufacturing industry in term to improve their performance and competitive advantages. The importance of this study is to identify the best methods used on performing the open innovation on the manufacturing industries in Malaysia. This study also can discover the impact of Open Innovation to the firms as well as ICT, Automotive and Electronics industries. Summary The implementation of open innovation is already become worldwide paradigm which changes the ways of industrial and organization to improve their competitive advantages and core competencies. Open innovation also become medium and gives changes to community and society to get involved in sharing ideas and knowledge of innovation CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction On the chapter of literature review, the researcher is able to discuss about the theory and the paradigm of the research study. According to (Saunders, et al, 2012), critical (literature) review is the detailed and justified analysis and commentary of the merits and faults of the literature within a chosen area, which demonstrates familiarity with what is already known about your research topic. For this chapter, the sources of literature and theories that relevant with the research study are gathered from the books, journals, magazines, thesis, newspaper and online articles. Based on the topic addressed, the major theories that used to complete the study are the open innovation paradigm. On the open innovation theory, there are lots of disciplinary under this term. For this chapter, the researcher will first defined the theories of innovation, open innovation and overviews of Malaysian Manufacturing Industry; ICT, Automotive and Electronics sector. Innovation and open innovation concept Innovation is one of the important catalysts to the sustainable organizational growth and performance. The term of innovation is already used over the century ago and innovation meaning is focus more on the changes or improvement made by the organization either to their product/services, processes and paradigm. In simple words, innovation is described as a change that is made to the product and services and also to the process. Innovation has a significant relationship between technology and knowledge. In order to create add values and changes based on the innovation, the component of new knowledge is a vital sources. According to Allan Afuah (2003), the new knowledge can be technological or market related. Technological knowledge is knowledge of components, linkages between components, methods, processes, and technique that to go into a product or services. Market knowledge is the knowledge about the distribution channels, product applications and customer expectation, preferences, needs and wants (Afuah, A. 2003: 13). Innovation Innovation is the use of new technological and market knowledge to offer a new product or service that customer want and the new product must new, lower cost and the attributes of the product are improved with the attributes that never existed in the market before (Afuah, A. 2003). The concept of innovation also defined as the process of making changes of something established by introducing something new that adds value to customers and contributes to the knowledge store of the organization (OSullivan, D. and Dooley, L. 2009). There are four (4) broad categories of innovation called as 4Ps of Innovation (Tidd, J. et al, 2005): 1. Product Innovation where classify as change in the things (products or services) which an organization offers, 2. Process Innovation is the changes in the ways in which they are created and delivered, 3. Position Innovation is the changes made in the context in which the products or services are introduced, 4. Paradigm Innovation is changes in the underlying mental models which frame what the organization does. In innovation mechanism, there are two (2) types of static model of innovation which is the Radical Innovation and Incremental Innovation. Radical innovation is defined as major changes that are made in something established (OSullivan, D. and Dooley, L. 2009) and incremental innovation is the innovation that uses existing forms or technologies as a starting point. Both types of incremental and radical innovation affect the technological and market-related competencies of a firm in different ways (Herzog, P. 2011: 10). Open Innovation For the open innovation theory, this theory is firstly described by Henry Chesbrough. Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology (Chesbrough, H, 2006). The paradigm of open innovation leads the research development to an open system. Open Innovation denotes, on the one hand, the use of external and internal knowledge sources to accelerate internal innovation and, on the other hand, the use of external paths to markets for internal knowledge (Chesbrough, H. 2006). On the modern worlds nowadays, most of everything in industry are made using machines and advance technology. So that, the production of new products and services are fast and also can be produced in huge amounts. In retailing, the advances in computing and communications are bringing retailers into closer contact with their customers as well as their suppliers, enabling them to provide more variety with fewer inventories than ever before (Chesbrough, H. 2006). On the modern era, Innovation paradigm has shift from the closed model of innovation to open innovation model (Chesbrough, H. et al. 2005). The closed innovation model is the paradigm where the process leading to innovation is completely controlled; all the Intellectual property is developed internally and kept within the company frontiers until the new products is released on the market (Meige, A. 2009). Figure : The model of Closed Innovation In case of closed model of innovation, the firm has to rely heavily on their internal core competencies and potential as a result of right of intellectual property. According to Philipp Herzog (2011), the implicit rules of closed innovation described as follows: A firm should hire the best and smartest people. Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself. Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the own firm. Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the competition. Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition. Restrictive Intellectual Property management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firms ideas and technologies. Figure : The Model of Open Innovation In open innovation models, the firms used the external sources technologies and knowledge to improve the internal innovation process and the firm also capable to commercialize the internal innovation via their own distribution channel by external pathways. The open innovation principle is the contrast and reflected to the closed innovation model. The principle of open innovation is shown as follows (Herzog, P. 2011: 22): A firm does not need to employ all the smart people, but rather work with them inside and outside the firm. Internal innovation activities are needed to claim some of the significant value which can be created by external innovation efforts. In order to win the competition, it is more important to have the better business model than getting to market first. Winning the competition does not require coming up with the best and most ideas, but to make the best use of internal and external ideas. Proactive Intellectual Property management allows other firms to use the firms Intellectual Property. It also considers to buy other firms Intellectual Property whenever it advances the own business model. The model of closed innovation on the present time are steadily eroded because of the several of reason such as when the employees of some company changes their jobs, they will bring together the knowledge and the knowledge then will flows from one firm to another. It is contrast to the open innovation model where the knowledge can be shared and gathered by the community and society that not directly involved with the organization. Malaysian manufacturing Industry The rate of Malaysian economic growth on the manufacturing industries increase rapidly since 1980s impact from the economic transition from agriculture based economy to an industrial-based economy. Economic transition occurs because of the awareness of the existing ability on the country. This mechanism can reduce the dependencies on the import sector of Malaysia to other countries and starting develop own national based technology sectors in term to bring a growth to the Malaysian economy. Manufacturing industries is the one of effort by the Malaysian government on their Ninth (9th) Malaysian Plan in term to emphasize the importance of up scaling manufacturing industry and related services. The government authorities that in-charge on leading and driving the expansion of manufacturing activities is the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The others agencies and ministries are also playing important roles in improving the national manufacturing industries including Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation (MATRADE), Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA), Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMDEC), Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development and Ministry of Science. In this modern era, the development of manufacturing industries in Malaysia is improving a lot especially on the sectors of ICT, Automotive and electronics sectors. There are lots of efforts contributed by the private and government sectors in term to improve enhance the development of ICT, automotive and electronics industries in Malaysia. Adaptation of open innovation on Malaysian manufacturing industry This research study is focused on the investigation for open innovation implementation on the Malaysian manufacturing industry. The researcher is required to determine the manufacturing firms that involved in application of open innovation concept on their organizations. The random firms are selected from three (3) different sectors: ICT, Automotive and Electronics. In adapting the model of open innovation, there are various forms of collaboration identified for implementing the knowledge of innovation from the external sources. Eric von Hippel (1988) identified four external sources of useful knowledge: 1. Suppliers and customers, 2. University, Government and private laboratories, 3. Competitors and 4.Other nations. For this research study, the forms of collaboration are centered to the three (3) forms of collaboration specifically the Customer integration, supplier integration and university-industry collaboration (Parida, V. et al., 2009). Inbound versus outbound innovation In the open innovation concept, inbound open innovation refers to internal use of external knowledge and outbound open innovation is the external exploitation of internal knowledge (Huizingh, E. 2011: 4) and this mechanism relates to the three (3) knowledge process of exploration, retention and exploitation that can be performed either inside or outside the forms boundaries (Lichtenthaler and Lichtenthaler, 2009). The inbound open innovation or known as outside-in innovation process are using the concept of integration on external knowledge with the suppliers, customers, research institutes and universities. The outbound open innovation or called as inside-out is different than inbound concept where the firms will selling intellectual property and bringing their internal ideas to market by sharing them to outside environment (Huizingh, E, 2011: 27). The best example of inbound open innovation activities are technology scouting, horizontal technology collaboration, vertical technology collaboration, and technology sourcing. For the outbound open innovation the example is external technology commercialization. Conceptual Framework Figure : conceptual framework of the research topic Summary On chapter of literature review, the researcher is responsible to describe and explain about the theories that related to the topic of research study. The researcher has explained the definition and concept of traditional innovation and open innovation paradigm. This chapter also describe about the relationship between the manufacturing industries and open innovation. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Introduction On this chapter, the research design methodology used on this research study will be described and explained. Research methodology refers to the theory of how the research should be undertaken (Saunders et al, 2012). The researcher will discuss and describe all the information related with the method used on the research study in term of obtaining and gathering the data collection. On chapter 3 (methodology), the method used due to gathering information of primary and secondary data are described and explained. Along with chapter 2, the researcher will determined the type of design method used to get the data of primary data and secondary data to answer the research question of the research study. Chapter 3 consists six (6) sections; Research design, research design method, data collection, location of study, research strategy and reliability, generalizability and validity. Research Design Research design is the general plan of the way on answering the research questions. According to Saunders et al., (2012) research design is the frame work for the collection and analysis of data to answer research question and meet research objectives providing reasoned justification for choice of data sources, collection methods and analysis techniques. Figure : Structure and Outline of the research study Research Design Method For this research topic study, the method of study implemented is the mono method of quantitative study. The quantitative analysis method as well as survey on this research study is significant in order to obtaining the primary data from the respondents. Quantitative method is The respondents are randomly selected from the main focus group (ICT, automotive and electronics) to answering the question related to the implementation of Open Innovation on Malaysian manufacturing industries. Primary and Secondary Data Sources Primary data is the data collected specifically for the research project that being undertaken by the researcher (Saunders et al, 2012). The primary data mostly collected from the several ways such as observations, experiments, surveys and interviews (Pervez Ghauri and Gronhaug, K. 2005: 102). The method used by the researcher in acquiring the primary data is by the survey that will be distributed to the random respondents of the focus group. The data and information are then collected and analyze by researcher to obtain result. According to the Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie (2010), the secondary data is the data that have already been gathered by previous researchers, data published in statistical and other journals and information available from any published or unpublished source available either within or outside the organization, all of which might be useful to the researcher. For the secondary data collection, researcher gathers the data from the reading of the related previous study, books, and journals and as well as articles. The secondary data also being gathered from the internet sources. Location of Study The focus of this study is on Malaysian manufacturing Industry that implements the Open Innovation approach. The location of research is narrowed further to the ICT, Automotive and electronics industries in Malaysia. The locations that are choose for this research is not specified because the firms of ICT, Automotive and Electronics in Malaysia are spread around. The random of respondents are selected based on the focus areas of study (ICT, Automotive and Electronics) to answer the research question related to the research study. The respondents are choosing from the different divisions of the firms. Research Strategy Based on (Saunders et al, 2012), research strategy is the general plan of how the researcher will go about to answering the research question of the topic. For this research study, the method used to gather the data collection is via the survey method. The details of research strategy are shows as follows: Survey Method On this research study, survey approach is used for data collection. The surveys will be distributed following the specified of sample to the respondents from the focus groups of the research topic. By using the survey method, the researcher can collect many different kinds of information related to the topic study and this method also quick, low cost compared to observation and experimental method. Preparing the Survey The research study is using the quantitative method where the survey is used to obtain the information and data. The question on the survey is constructed based on the research question and objectives of the study. This survey is conducted to identify the implementation of open innovation in ICT, automotive and electronics industry. The respondents are staff or employees from the industries. Survey research design The approach of using survey method is suitable for this research study for gathering descriptive information and data. For survey method there is several way of conducting the survey such as: 1. Structured surveys the formal list of questions use and asked all the respondents in the same way, 2. Unstructured surveys the researcher investigate the respondents and guide the interview according to respondents answers (Kothari, C.R., 1985). The survey research method also can be conducted either direct or indirect. The direct approach of survey is where the researcher asks direct questions about behavior and thought of the respondents. Meanwhile the indirect approach, the requester will asks indirect question and the researcher then may be able to discover the main point. Sampling Sample is a segment of population selected to represent the population as a whole. The researcher must determine the sample design for survey method based on type of information is needed, who will be the focus group and which sample size reliable for the result (large sample or small samples). For sampling, the researcher may select sample members randomly from the entire population (probability sample) or the researcher may select people who are easier to obtain information from the population (nonprobability). Reliability, validity and generalizability Reliability is the extent to which data collection technique or techniques will yield consistent findings, similar observations would be made or conclusions reached by other researchers or there is transparency in how sense was made from the raw data (Saunders, M. 2012). According to Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Andrian Thornhill (2012), generalizability is the extent to which the findings of a research study are applicable to other settings. Summary In summary, this chapter explains about the method used by the researcher in research study to obtain data and information. Researchers using quantitative method in this research study where the data and information are collected by the survey that distributed to the respondents and then the data will be analyze to obtain result. This chapter also includes the research design and research strategy also. The validity, generalizability and reliability of this research study is being discussed.

Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E

Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003. Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003. Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003.